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CMOS Transmission Gate Introduction In electronics, pass transistor logic (PTL) describes several logic families used in the design of integrated circuits. It reduces the count of transistors used to make different logic gates, by eliminating redundant transistors. Transistors are used as switches to pass logic levels between nodes of a circuit, instead of as switches connected directly to supply voltages. This reduces the number of active devices, but has the disadvantage th

Differential Amplifier All operational amplifiers (op-amps) are differential amplifiers because of their input configuration. When the first voltage signal is connected to the input terminal and another voltage signal is connected onto the opposite input terminal then the resultant output voltage is proportional to the difference between the two input voltage signals of V1 and V2. The output voltage can be solved by connecting each i/p intern to 0v ground using a superpositi

Operational Amplifiers Topics to be covered Operational Amplifier Characteristics of Operational Amplifier Op-amp Parameter and Idealized Characteristics. OPAMP applications Operational Amplifier Operational Amplifier Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all the properties required for nearly ideal DC amplification and are therefore used extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to perform mathematical operations such as add, subtract, integration, and

The current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being "copied" can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal inverting current amplifier that reverses the current direction as well. Or it can consist of a current-controlled current source (CCC

Introduction to CMOS Stands for "Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor." It is a technology used to produce integrated circuits. CMOS circuits are found in several types of electronic components, including microprocessors, batteries, and digital camera image sensors. The "MOS" in CMOS refers to the transistors in a CMOS component, called MOSFETs (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors). The "metal" part of the name is a bit misleading, as modern MOSFETs often u

The transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Tran

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most commonly used type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices . diodes p – n

A solid substance whose electrical conductivity lies between that of an insulator and a conductor, either due to the addition of impurities or because of temperature effects. When two differently doped regions exist in the same crystal, a semiconductor junction is created. Devices made by semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits. Semiconductor devices can display a range of useful properties, such as passing current more easily in

Electronic devices are widely used, in our daily life in so many applications. This blog covers the physical principles of all the well-known devices and their basic circuits. Basic electronics comprise the minimal electronics components that make up a part of everyday electronics equipment. These electronic components include resistors, transistors, capacitors, diodes, inductors, and transformers. Powered by a battery, they are designed to work under certain physics laws an

PCB Design Interview Questions Que1. What Is Need For A PCB ? Ans: Designs on bread boards or per boards are cumbersome, to have neat placement of components without jumpers or wires a PCB is designed. It also helps in providing physical stability and overall circuit is more reliable. Que2. How Do You Verify Schematic Symbols Or Footprints? Ans: Cross verify with datasheets, print footprints and match with actual devices before production. Que3. What Are Basic Checks While La

MATLAB is a powerful software that has become increasingly popular over the years. It is a programming language that is commonly used in engineering, science, and mathematics. If you are new to MATLAB, it may seem overwhelming at first. However, with a little bit of effort, you can become proficient in using this software. In this blog, we will discuss the basics of MATLAB and provide some tips on how to get started. Firstly, let's define what MATLAB is. MATLAB stands for Mat