Module 1: ESP32 Fundamentals 

• What is an Embedded System

• Difference between Microcontroller and Microprocessor

• Introduction to ESP32 — CPU cores, GPIO, Memory (Flash, SRAM)

• Installing Arduino IDE and setting up ESP32

• Working with GPIO — LED Output and Button Input

• First Program: LED Blink and Button-Controlled LED

• Using Serial Monitor for output and debugging

• What is a Pull-up and Pull-down resistor

• Debugging techniques using Serial Monitor

Module 2: UART Communication

• What is UART Communication

• TX and RX pins — how data flows

• What is Baud Rate and why it matters

• UART in ESP32 — multiple UARTs and configurable pins

• Sending (TX) and Receiving (RX) data

• Basic idea of UART Interrupt

• Who can ESP32 talk to: Computer, Arduino, GSM Module

• Troubleshooting common UART problems

Module 3: I2C Communication

• What is I2C — SDA and SCL pins

• Master and Slave architecture

• Device addressing in I2C — how multiple devices share one bus

• I2C speed modes and configuring pins on ESP32

• I2C Scanner — finding all connected devices

• Connecting and running multiple I2C devices simultaneously

• Why Pull-up resistors are needed on I2C lines

• Troubleshooting common I2C problems

Module 4: SPI Communication

• What is SPI — MOSI, MISO, SCK, CS pins and their roles

• Master and Slave in SPI

• SPI modes (CPOL and CPHA) and SPI speed

• Using SPI on ESP32

• Connecting and managing multiple SPI devices

• Difference between Hardware SPI and Software SPI

Module 5: ADC / DAC (Analog to Digital & Digital to Analog)

• What is ADC — Analog to Digital Converter

• How many ADC channels are available in ESP32

• Reading accuracy and resolution

• Reading values from analog sensors

• What is DAC — Digital to Analog Converter

• Difference between PWM and true DAC output

• Signal conditioning basics

Module 6: PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

• What is PWM — Pulse Width Modulation

• What is Duty Cycle and how it controls power/speed

• PWM Frequency and Resolution

• ESP32 LEDC PWM — using multiple PWM channels simultaneously

• Controlling a Servo Motor using PWM

• Controlling DC Motor speed using PWM

Module 7: Wireless Communication — Wi-Fi & Bluetooth

• Wi-Fi: Station Mode — connecting ESP32 to existing Wi-Fi

• Wi-Fi: Access Point Mode — ESP32 creates its own Wi-Fi hotspot

• Wi-Fi: Building a Web Server with ESP32

• Wi-Fi: What is HTTP and how requests work

• Wi-Fi: Sending sensor data to a web page

• Wi-Fi: Working with JSON data format

• Bluetooth: What is Bluetooth Classic vs BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)

• Bluetooth: Bluetooth communication using ESP32

• Bluetooth: Controlling a device from a mobile app over Bluetooth

Module 8: IoT Protocols — MQTT & HTTP

• MQTT: What is MQTT and why it is used in IoT

• MQTT: What is a Broker — Publish and Subscribe model

• MQTT: Setting up MQTT on ESP32

• MQTT: Sending sensor data to cloud and receiving commands

• HTTP: What is HTTP GET and HTTP POST

• HTTP: Basic idea of REST API

• HTTP: Uploading data to a server using HTTP

Module 9: Industrial Protocols — CAN Bus & Modbus

• CAN: What is CAN Bus and where it is used in industry

• CAN: CAN Message Frame structure

• CAN: What is Arbitration in CAN

• CAN: Using CAN protocol on ESP32

• Modbus: What is Modbus RTU

• Modbus: Master and Slave communication in Modbus

• Modbus: Reading data from Registers

• Modbus: What is RS485 and how it differs from UART

Module 10: Data Logging

• What is Data Logging and when is it needed

• Saving sensor data on an SD Card in real time

• Storing small data in EEPROM — read and write

Module 11: Interrupts

• What is an Interrupt and why it is used

• External Interrupt — triggering action on button press

• Timer Interrupt — triggering action after a set time interval

• Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) — writing efficient interrupt handlers

Module 12: Hands-on Final Projects