Number system: Arithmetic operation 

Arithmetic operations form the backbone of digital electronics, enabling the manipulation of binary, hexadecimal, and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) numbers. Let's explore how these operations work in each number system. 

Binary Arithmetic Operations: 

In digital electronics, binary arithmetic involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division using binary numbers (base-2). Here's a brief overview: 

1.) Binary Addition: 

• 0 + 0 = 0 

• 0 + 1 = 1 

• 1 + 0 = 1 

• 1 + 1 = 10 (carry 1 to the next higher bit) 

Example: 

1101 (13 in decimal) + 1011 (11 in decimal) ______________ 11000 (24 in decimal, with a carry of 1)

2.) Binary Subtraction: 

• 0 - 0 = 0 

• 1 - 0 = 1 

• 1 - 1 = 0 

• If borrowing is required, borrow 1 from the next higher bit. 

Example: 

1101 (13 in decimal) - 1011 (11 in decimal) --> 010 (2 in decimal, with a borrow of 1)  

3.) Binary Multiplication and Division: 

• Similar to decimal multiplication and division, binary multiplication and division involve straightforward operations but require attention to detail. 
  

Hexadecimal Arithmetic Operations: 

Hexadecimal (base-16) is a convenient representation for binary-coded data, and arithmetic with hex numbers is more compact than binary. Hexadecimal uses the digits 0-9 and the letters A-F to represent values 0-15. 

1.) Hexadecimal Addition: 

• Addition in hexadecimal follows the same principles as binary, but the base is 16. 

• Carry values are 0 through 15. 

Example: 

9A (154 in decimal) + 27 (39 in decimal) ---> C1 (193 in decimal)  

2.) Hexadecimal Subtraction: 

• Similar to binary subtraction, but borrow values are 0 through 15. 

Example: 

B5 (181 in decimal) - 23 (35 in decimal) ---> 92 (146 in decimal)  

BCD Arithmetic Operations: 

BCD is a binary-coded representation of decimal numbers, where each decimal digit is represented by its 4-bit binary equivalent. BCD arithmetic operations are similar to binary arithmetic but with constraints to ensure that the result remains in BCD form. 

1.) BCD Addition: 

• If the sum of two BCD digits is greater than 9, a correction (add 6) is needed. 

Example: 

0101 (5 in decimal) + 0101 (5 in decimal) -->1010 (10 in decimal, corrected to BCD as 0000)  

2.) BCD Subtraction: 

• Like binary subtraction, but if borrowing is needed, subtract 6 from the borrowed value. 

Example: 

1001 (9 in decimal) - 0111 (7 in decimal) --> 010 (2 in decimal, corrected to BCD as 0010)